2011年11月30日 星期三

馬德里皇宮

「馬德里皇宮(Palacio Real de Madrid)」位於馬德里(Madrid)市中心以西的拜倫(Bailén)街上,為僅次於「凡爾賽宮(Palace of Versailles)」和「維也納皇宮(Hofburg)」的歐洲第三大皇宮。


而以白色花岡岩所打造的「馬德里皇宮」約始建於西元1738年,前後歷時26年完工,是世界上保存最完整與最精美的宮殿之一,其皇宮外觀採正方形結構設計,內部裝潢則細膩精緻、富麗堂皇,並收藏無以計數的金銀器飾、瓷器、壁毯、繪畫與皇室用品等珍寶。


「馬德里皇宮」最早由來可追溯至九世紀,是由摩爾人所佔領的托雷多(Toledo)之國王為抵禦入侵者,於曼薩萊斯(Manzanares)河左岸所修建的一個堡壘,後來被卡斯提爾王國(Castilla)所佔據。


「馬德里皇宮」之所在地於十六世紀時原本為古阿爾卡薩城(Alcázar)一部分,但1734年耶誕夜前夕,阿爾卡薩城卻不幸毀於大火之中,當時國王菲利浦五世(Philip V, 1683-1746)便在原地興建一座嶄新的宏偉宮殿,希望可媲美其祖父(法王路易十四)的凡爾賽宮,因此「馬德里皇宮」之宮殿主體結構全用石頭與磚建造,而捨棄木頭是期盼再也沒有任何大火能燒毀它。


菲利浦五世為西班牙波旁(Bourbon)王朝第一任君王,當時任命建築師薩切蒂(Juan Bautista Sachetti, 1690-1764)於1738年開始建造「馬德里皇宮」,並在1764年峻工,而繼任的卡洛斯三世(Carlos III, 1716-1788)也在同年12月1日搬入新宮殿,之後西班牙世代國王皆居住於此,直到1931年阿方索十三世(Alfonso XIII, 1886-1941)遜位為止。


在150公尺見方的建築物內部,由於歷代國王都根據自己的喜好對皇宮進行裝飾,使得「馬德里皇宮」擁有複雜、濃厚的個人色彩與時代印記,且宮內獨立建築眾多,光皇宮房間總數大約就有 2800間,其中著名的包括有「阿拉巴特洛斯大廳(Salón de Alabarderos)」、「鏡廳(Salón de los Espejos)」與「卡洛斯三世國王房間(Cuarto del Rey Carlos III)」等。此外,皇宮裏還可欣賞到委拉斯蓋茲(Diego Velázquez, 1599-1660)、哥雅(Francisco de Goya, 1746-1828)與魯本斯(Peter Paul Rubens, 1577-1640)等大師畫作。


進入皇宮前一整排高聳的階梯就是義大利建築師尼(Francesco Sabatini, 1722-1797)的作品。而入內參觀的第一間是「國王廳(Salón del Trono)」,其廳內拱頂畫作出自於1764年威尼斯畫家提耶波洛(Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, 1696-1770)之手,描繪西班牙十八世紀多位國王的統治故事,「國王廳」裝飾大部分雖來自於皇家作坊之生產,但也有威尼斯的水晶吊燈、那不勒斯的天鵝絨刺繡以及羅馬的青銅獅像等珍品。

國王廳與國王寶座(右)

「馬德里皇宮」的「繪畫長廊」則收藏了各畫派畫家的作品,其中包括卡拉瓦喬(Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, 1571-1610)的《莎樂美與施洗者約翰的頭顱(Salome Receives the Head of John the Baptist)》,以及委拉斯蓋茲與哥雅的作品。


「馬德里皇宮」也有一個1879年阿方索十二世(Alfonso XII, 1857-1885)為慶祝迎娶第二任皇后而啟用的「宴會廳」,廳內四周掛有十六世紀的法蘭德斯璧毯與華麗的水晶燈,可容納145人同時坐下用餐或開會。

宴會廳

特別的是「馬德里皇宮」內的「瓷器室(The Porcelain Room)」是以皇家瓷器廠所生產的瓷器板組合裝飾,可看出當時歐洲人對於中國瓷器的喜好,此外,「雪茄室(Salon de Cigarro)」也帶有濃濃的東方風情,而由皇家工廠製造的巨大玻璃鏡構成的「鏡廳(The Hall of Mirrors)」、以及牆壁曾被黃色綢緞所包覆的「黃金室」皆獨具特色、舉世無雙。



「馬德里皇宮」除了擁有眾多頗具特色的廳堂、臥室與休憩室外,宮內亦收藏各種古琴,如豎琴、小提琴與吉它等,皆做工精緻,非常值得仔細欣賞。






「馬德里皇宮」的中庭是壯觀寬大的廣場,可由露臺俯瞰整個馬德里市區所在之高原,王宮後面則是由薩巴蒂尼所建造的「薩巴蒂尼庭園(Jardines de Sabatini)」與「摩爾花園(Campo del Moro)」。此外,在廣場旁邊的「藥物博物館(Real Farmacia)」也展示著舊時代的醫藥研究室原貌與藥品調製等用具。

「皇室軍械庫」現則轉變為「兵器博物館」,原是菲利浦二世所創建,經過整理後於2000年6月開放,內部展示十三世紀前歷任西班牙國王與王室成員之盔甲,其中著名之器械包括了卡洛斯五世與菲利浦二世的盔甲。

而「馬德里皇宮」對面為西班牙廣場,其正中央豎立著文藝復興時期著名的西班牙文學大師,也就是《唐‧吉訶德(Don Quijote de la Mancha)》的作者賽萬提斯(Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, 1547~1616)之紀念碑,紀念碑下方則是騎著馬的唐‧吉訶德與僕人桑丘的塑像

 

但現任的西班牙國王胡安‧卡洛斯一世(Juan Carlos I, 1938-)和王室並不住在「馬德里皇宮」內,而是定居於馬德里近郊較小的「薩瑞拉(Zarzuela)宮」,除了王室的國事活動外,「馬德里皇宮」如今已成為專供遊人參觀的博物館,讓世人共同見證西班牙王室之榮耀輝煌。


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